Take a Bite Out of Global Warming
Scientific Sources
General
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). (1997). Census of Agriculture. Table 51: Summary by North American Industry Classification System. National Agricultural Statistics Service.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). (2000). National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1998. Office of Air Quality and Planning Standards. EPA-454/R-00-002. Online at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/trends98/trends98.pdf
U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE). (1994). Climate Change Action Plan: Technical Supplement. Office of Policy, Planning, and Program Evaluation. March 1994.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). (2006). Fast Facts: The U.S. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks. Office of Atmospheric Programs. Online at http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup /RAMR6P5M5M/$File/06FastFacts.pdf
Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, Tom; Castel, Vincent; Rosales, Mauricio, de Haan, Cees. (2006). Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Online at http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm
Bellarby, Jessica; Foereid, Bente; Hastings, Astley; Smith, Pete. (2008). Cool Farming: Climate Impacts of Agriculture and Mitigation Potential. Greenpeace.
Lotter, Donald W. (2003). Organic Agriculture. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 21:59-128.
Fertilizer and Pesticide Production, Packaging, and Transportation
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Agricultural Chemical Usage Reports. National Agricultural Statistics Service. Retrieved from http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_Subject/Environmental/index.asp
West, Tristram O.; Marland, Gregg. (2002). A synthesis of carbon sequestration, carbon emissions, and net carbon flux in agriculture: Comparing tillage practices in the United States. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment, 91:217-23.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Feed Grains Database: Yearbook Tables. Economic Research Service. Online at http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/Feedgrains/StandardReports/YBtable4.htm
National Corn Grower's Association (NCGA). (2003). The World of Corn 2003. Online at http://www.ncga.com/03world/main/consumption3.htm
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2007). Oil Crops Yearbook. Economic Research Service. Online at http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1290
American Soybean Association (ASA). (2004). Domestic Utilization: U.S. Soybean Use by Livestock. Online at http://www.soystats.com/2007/page_20.htm
Bakke, M.J. (2007). Proceedings, 37th California Alfalfa and Forage Symposium, Monterey, CA. 17-19 December, 2007. Online at http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). National Organic Program. Agricultural Marketing Service. Retrieved from: http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/
Pimentel, David (ed.). (2002). Encyclopedia of Pest Management. Marcel Dekker, Inc.:NY.
Crop Residue Burning
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2007). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2005. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
On-Farm Emissions from Energy Use
United States Department of Energy (DOE). (2007). State Energy Price and Expenditure Estimates: 1970-2004. Energy Information Administration. Online at http://eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_prices/notes/pr_print2004.pdf
United States Department of Energy (US DOE). Annual Energy Review 2006. Table 5.12b: Estimated Petroleum Consumption: Industrial Sector, Selected years, 1949-2006. Energy Information Administration. (1997 data).
Brown, Elizabeth; Elliott, Neal. (2005). On-Farm Energy Use Characterizations. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Report No. IE052.
Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management
Harper, L.A.; Denmead, O.T.; Freney, J.R.; Byers, F.M. (1999). Direct measurements of methane emissions from grazing and feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 77:1392-1401.
Zeeman, Grietje; Gerbens, Sybren. Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Online at http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/4_3_CH4_Animal_Manure.pdf
Meat Packing
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). (1997). Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 1996-1997. Economic Research Service. Agricultural Handbook number 712. Online at http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/arei/Ah712/
Processing and Packaging
U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE). (2004). Energy Use, Loss, and Opportunities Analysis: U.S. Manufacturing and Mining. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Industrial Technologies Program. Online at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/energy_systems/...
Corn Refiner's Association. (2006). Corn Wet Milled Feed Products: 4th Edition. Online at http://www.corn.org/Feed2006.pdf.
Seafood
Bunting, Stewart W.; Pretty, Jules. (2007). Aquaculture Development and Global Carbon Budgets: Emissions, Sequestration and Management Options. Centre for Environment and Society, University of Essex, UK.
Transportation
Pimentel, David. (2008). Food, Energy, and Society. 3rd Edition. David Pimentel (ed.). CRC Press: FL.
Heller, Martin C.; Keoleian, Gregory A. (2000). Life Cycle-Based Sustainability Indicators for Assessment of the U.S. Food System. Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan. Report No. CSS00-04.
Food Service and Retail
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). (2004). Energy Use, Loss and Opportunities Analysis: U.S. Manufacturing and Mining. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Online at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/energy_systems/...
U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE). (1999). Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey. Commercial Buildings Characteristics. Energy Information Administration. Online at www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/char99/intro.html
Okos, Martin; Rao, Nishant; Drecher, Sara; Rode, mary; Kozak, Jeannie. (1998). Energy Usage in the Food Industry. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Report No. IE981. Davies, Terry; Konisky, David M. (2000). Environmental Implications of the Foodservice and Food Retail Industries. Resources for the Future. Discussion Paper 00-11.
Additional/Supplementary Sources
Bhat, Mahadev G.; English, Burton C.; Turhollow, Anthony F.; Nyangito, Hezron O. (1994). Energy in Synthetic Fertilizers and Pesticides: Revisited. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. ORNL/SUB/90-99732/2.
Walz, Erica. (1999). Third Biennial National Organic Farmers' Survey. Organic Farming Research Foundation.
Pimentel, David. (2006). Impacts of Organic Farming on the Efficiency of Energy Use in Agriculture. The Organic Center.
Pretty, Jules; Ball, Andrew. (2001). Agricultural Influences on Carbon Emissions and Sequestration: A review of Evidence and the Emerging Trading Options. Centre for Environment and Society, University of Essex.
Please note that many of the sources listed above were cross-referenced, so that the sources for any particular calculation may have also been used for other calculations as well.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). (1997). Census of Agriculture. Table 51: Summary by North American Industry Classification System. National Agricultural Statistics Service.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). (2000). National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1998. Office of Air Quality and Planning Standards. EPA-454/R-00-002. Online at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/trends98/trends98.pdf
U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE). (1994). Climate Change Action Plan: Technical Supplement. Office of Policy, Planning, and Program Evaluation. March 1994.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). (2006). Fast Facts: The U.S. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks. Office of Atmospheric Programs. Online at http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup /RAMR6P5M5M/$File/06FastFacts.pdf
Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, Tom; Castel, Vincent; Rosales, Mauricio, de Haan, Cees. (2006). Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Online at http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm
Bellarby, Jessica; Foereid, Bente; Hastings, Astley; Smith, Pete. (2008). Cool Farming: Climate Impacts of Agriculture and Mitigation Potential. Greenpeace.
Lotter, Donald W. (2003). Organic Agriculture. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 21:59-128.
Fertilizer and Pesticide Production, Packaging, and Transportation
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Agricultural Chemical Usage Reports. National Agricultural Statistics Service. Retrieved from http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_Subject/Environmental/index.asp
West, Tristram O.; Marland, Gregg. (2002). A synthesis of carbon sequestration, carbon emissions, and net carbon flux in agriculture: Comparing tillage practices in the United States. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment, 91:217-23.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Feed Grains Database: Yearbook Tables. Economic Research Service. Online at http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/Feedgrains/StandardReports/YBtable4.htm
National Corn Grower's Association (NCGA). (2003). The World of Corn 2003. Online at http://www.ncga.com/03world/main/consumption3.htm
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2007). Oil Crops Yearbook. Economic Research Service. Online at http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1290
American Soybean Association (ASA). (2004). Domestic Utilization: U.S. Soybean Use by Livestock. Online at http://www.soystats.com/2007/page_20.htm
Bakke, M.J. (2007). Proceedings, 37th California Alfalfa and Forage Symposium, Monterey, CA. 17-19 December, 2007. Online at http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). National Organic Program. Agricultural Marketing Service. Retrieved from: http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/
Pimentel, David (ed.). (2002). Encyclopedia of Pest Management. Marcel Dekker, Inc.:NY.
Crop Residue Burning
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2007). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2005. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
On-Farm Emissions from Energy Use
United States Department of Energy (DOE). (2007). State Energy Price and Expenditure Estimates: 1970-2004. Energy Information Administration. Online at http://eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_prices/notes/pr_print2004.pdf
United States Department of Energy (US DOE). Annual Energy Review 2006. Table 5.12b: Estimated Petroleum Consumption: Industrial Sector, Selected years, 1949-2006. Energy Information Administration. (1997 data).
Brown, Elizabeth; Elliott, Neal. (2005). On-Farm Energy Use Characterizations. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Report No. IE052.
Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management
Harper, L.A.; Denmead, O.T.; Freney, J.R.; Byers, F.M. (1999). Direct measurements of methane emissions from grazing and feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 77:1392-1401.
Zeeman, Grietje; Gerbens, Sybren. Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Online at http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/4_3_CH4_Animal_Manure.pdf
Meat Packing
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). (1997). Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 1996-1997. Economic Research Service. Agricultural Handbook number 712. Online at http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/arei/Ah712/
Processing and Packaging
U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE). (2004). Energy Use, Loss, and Opportunities Analysis: U.S. Manufacturing and Mining. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Industrial Technologies Program. Online at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/energy_systems/...
Corn Refiner's Association. (2006). Corn Wet Milled Feed Products: 4th Edition. Online at http://www.corn.org/Feed2006.pdf.
Seafood
Bunting, Stewart W.; Pretty, Jules. (2007). Aquaculture Development and Global Carbon Budgets: Emissions, Sequestration and Management Options. Centre for Environment and Society, University of Essex, UK.
Transportation
Pimentel, David. (2008). Food, Energy, and Society. 3rd Edition. David Pimentel (ed.). CRC Press: FL.
Heller, Martin C.; Keoleian, Gregory A. (2000). Life Cycle-Based Sustainability Indicators for Assessment of the U.S. Food System. Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan. Report No. CSS00-04.
Food Service and Retail
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). (2004). Energy Use, Loss and Opportunities Analysis: U.S. Manufacturing and Mining. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Online at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/energy_systems/...
U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE). (1999). Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey. Commercial Buildings Characteristics. Energy Information Administration. Online at www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/char99/intro.html
Okos, Martin; Rao, Nishant; Drecher, Sara; Rode, mary; Kozak, Jeannie. (1998). Energy Usage in the Food Industry. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Report No. IE981. Davies, Terry; Konisky, David M. (2000). Environmental Implications of the Foodservice and Food Retail Industries. Resources for the Future. Discussion Paper 00-11.
Additional/Supplementary Sources
Bhat, Mahadev G.; English, Burton C.; Turhollow, Anthony F.; Nyangito, Hezron O. (1994). Energy in Synthetic Fertilizers and Pesticides: Revisited. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. ORNL/SUB/90-99732/2.
Walz, Erica. (1999). Third Biennial National Organic Farmers' Survey. Organic Farming Research Foundation.
Pimentel, David. (2006). Impacts of Organic Farming on the Efficiency of Energy Use in Agriculture. The Organic Center.
Pretty, Jules; Ball, Andrew. (2001). Agricultural Influences on Carbon Emissions and Sequestration: A review of Evidence and the Emerging Trading Options. Centre for Environment and Society, University of Essex.
Please note that many of the sources listed above were cross-referenced, so that the sources for any particular calculation may have also been used for other calculations as well.
A project for the Center for Food Safety and the CornerStone Campaign